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224 lines
9.6 KiB
Markdown
224 lines
9.6 KiB
Markdown
# Objects
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In LVGL the **basic building blocks** of a user interface are the objects, also called *Widgets*.
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For example a [Button](/widgets/core/btn), [Label](/widgets/core/label), [Image](/widgets/core/img), [List](/widgets/extra/list), [Chart](/widgets/extra/chart) or [Text area](/widgets/core/textarea).
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You can see all the [Object types](/widgets/index) here.
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All objects are referenced using an `lv_obj_t` pointer as a handle. This pointer can later be used to set or get the attributes of the object.
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## Attributes
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### Basic attributes
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All object types share some basic attributes:
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- Position
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- Size
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- Parent
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- Styles
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- Event handlers
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- Etc
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You can set/get these attributes with `lv_obj_set_...` and `lv_obj_get_...` functions. For example:
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```c
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/*Set basic object attributes*/
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lv_obj_set_size(btn1, 100, 50); /*Set a button's size*/
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lv_obj_set_pos(btn1, 20,30); /*Set a button's position*/
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```
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To see all the available functions visit the [Base object's documentation](/widgets/obj).
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### Specific attributes
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The object types have special attributes too. For example, a slider has
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- Minimum and maximum values
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- Current value
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For these special attributes, every object type may have unique API functions. For example for a slider:
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```c
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/*Set slider specific attributes*/
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lv_slider_set_range(slider1, 0, 100); /*Set the min. and max. values*/
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lv_slider_set_value(slider1, 40, LV_ANIM_ON); /*Set the current value (position)*/
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```
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The API of the widgets is described in their [Documentation](/widgets/index) but you can also check the respective header files (e.g. *widgets/lv_slider.h*)
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## Working mechanisms
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### Parent-child structure
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A parent object can be considered as the container of its children. Every object has exactly one parent object (except screens), but a parent can have any number of children.
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There is no limitation for the type of the parent but there are objects which are typically a parent (e.g. button) or a child (e.g. label).
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### Moving together
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If the position of a parent changes, the children will move along with it.
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Therefore, all positions are relative to the parent.
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```c
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lv_obj_t * parent = lv_obj_create(lv_scr_act()); /*Create a parent object on the current screen*/
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lv_obj_set_size(parent, 100, 80); /*Set the size of the parent*/
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lv_obj_t * obj1 = lv_obj_create(parent); /*Create an object on the previously created parent object*/
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lv_obj_set_pos(obj1, 10, 10); /*Set the position of the new object*/
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```
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Modify the position of the parent:
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```c
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lv_obj_set_pos(parent, 50, 50); /*Move the parent. The child will move with it.*/
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```
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(For simplicity the adjusting of colors of the objects is not shown in the example.)
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### Visibility only on the parent
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If a child is partially or fully outside its parent then the parts outside will not be visible.
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```c
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lv_obj_set_x(obj1, -30); /*Move the child a little bit off the parent*/
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```
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This behavior can be overwritten with `lv_obj_add_flag(obj, LV_OBJ_FLAG_OVERFLOW_VISIBLE);` which allow the children to be drawn out of the parent.
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### Create and delete objects
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In LVGL, objects can be created and deleted dynamically at run time. It means only the currently created (existing) objects consume RAM.
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This allows for the creation of a screen just when a button is clicked to open it, and for deletion of screens when a new screen is loaded.
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UIs can be created based on the current environment of the device. For example one can create meters, charts, bars and sliders based on the currently attached sensors.
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Every widget has its own **create** function with a prototype like this:
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```c
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lv_obj_t * lv_<widget>_create(lv_obj_t * parent, <other parameters if any>);
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```
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Typically, the create functions only have a *parent* parameter telling them on which object to create the new widget.
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The return value is a pointer to the created object with `lv_obj_t *` type.
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There is a common **delete** function for all object types. It deletes the object and all of its children.
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```c
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void lv_obj_del(lv_obj_t * obj);
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```
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`lv_obj_del` will delete the object immediately.
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If for any reason you can't delete the object immediately you can use `lv_obj_del_async(obj)` which will perform the deletion on the next call of `lv_timer_handler()`.
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This is useful e.g. if you want to delete the parent of an object in the child's `LV_EVENT_DELETE` handler.
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You can remove all the children of an object (but not the object itself) using `lv_obj_clean(obj)`.
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You can use `lv_obj_del_delayed(obj, 1000)` to delete an object after some time. The delay is expressed in milliseconds.
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## Screens
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### Create screens
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The screens are special objects which have no parent object. So they can be created like:
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```c
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lv_obj_t * scr1 = lv_obj_create(NULL);
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```
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Screens can be created with any object type. For example, a [Base object](/widgets/obj) or an image to make a wallpaper.
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### Get the active screen
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There is always an active screen on each display. By default, the library creates and loads a "Base object" as a screen for each display.
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To get the currently active screen use the `lv_scr_act()` function.
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### Load screens
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To load a new screen, use `lv_scr_load(scr1)`.
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### Layers
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There are two automatically generated layers:
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- top layer
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- system layer
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They are independent of the screens and they will be shown on every screen. The *top layer* is above every object on the screen and the *system layer* is above the *top layer*.
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You can add any pop-up windows to the *top layer* freely. But, the *system layer* is restricted to system-level things (e.g. mouse cursor will be placed there with `lv_indev_set_cursor()`).
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The `lv_layer_top()` and `lv_layer_sys()` functions return pointers to the top and system layers respectively.
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Read the [Layer overview](/overview/layer) section to learn more about layers.
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#### Load screen with animation
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A new screen can be loaded with animation by using `lv_scr_load_anim(scr, transition_type, time, delay, auto_del)`. The following transition types exist:
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- `LV_SCR_LOAD_ANIM_NONE` Switch immediately after `delay` milliseconds
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- `LV_SCR_LOAD_ANIM_OVER_LEFT/RIGHT/TOP/BOTTOM` Move the new screen over the current towards the given direction
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- `LV_SCR_LOAD_ANIM_OUT_LEFT/RIGHT/TOP/BOTTOM` Move out the old screen over the current towards the given direction
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- `LV_SCR_LOAD_ANIM_MOVE_LEFT/RIGHT/TOP/BOTTOM` Move both the current and new screens towards the given direction
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- `LV_SCR_LOAD_ANIM_FADE_IN/OUT` Fade the new screen over the old screen, or vice versa
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Setting `auto_del` to `true` will automatically delete the old screen when the animation is finished.
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The new screen will become active (returned by `lv_scr_act()`) when the animation starts after `delay` time.
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All inputs are disabled during the screen animation.
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### Handling multiple displays
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Screens are created on the currently selected *default display*.
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The *default display* is the last registered display with `lv_disp_drv_register`. You can also explicitly select a new default display using `lv_disp_set_default(disp)`.
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`lv_scr_act()`, `lv_scr_load()` and `lv_scr_load_anim()` operate on the default screen.
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Visit [Multi-display support](/overview/display) to learn more.
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## Parts
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The widgets are built from multiple parts. For example a [Base object](/widgets/obj) uses the main and scrollbar parts but a [Slider](/widgets/core/slider) uses the main, indicator and knob parts.
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Parts are similar to *pseudo-elements* in CSS.
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The following predefined parts exist in LVGL:
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- `LV_PART_MAIN` A background like rectangle
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- `LV_PART_SCROLLBAR` The scrollbar(s)
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- `LV_PART_INDICATOR` Indicator, e.g. for slider, bar, switch, or the tick box of the checkbox
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- `LV_PART_KNOB` Like a handle to grab to adjust the value
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- `LV_PART_SELECTED` Indicate the currently selected option or section
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- `LV_PART_ITEMS` Used if the widget has multiple similar elements (e.g. table cells)
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- `LV_PART_TICKS` Ticks on scales e.g. for a chart or meter
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- `LV_PART_CURSOR` Mark a specific place e.g. text area's or chart's cursor
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- `LV_PART_CUSTOM_FIRST` Custom parts can be added from here.
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The main purpose of parts is to allow styling the "components" of the widgets.
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They are described in more detail in the [Style overview](/overview/style) section.
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## States
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The object can be in a combination of the following states:
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- `LV_STATE_DEFAULT` Normal, released state
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- `LV_STATE_CHECKED` Toggled or checked state
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- `LV_STATE_FOCUSED` Focused via keypad or encoder or clicked via touchpad/mouse
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- `LV_STATE_FOCUS_KEY` Focused via keypad or encoder but not via touchpad/mouse
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- `LV_STATE_EDITED` Edit by an encoder
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- `LV_STATE_HOVERED` Hovered by mouse (not supported now)
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- `LV_STATE_PRESSED` Being pressed
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- `LV_STATE_SCROLLED` Being scrolled
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- `LV_STATE_DISABLED` Disabled state
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- `LV_STATE_USER_1` Custom state
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- `LV_STATE_USER_2` Custom state
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- `LV_STATE_USER_3` Custom state
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- `LV_STATE_USER_4` Custom state
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The states are usually automatically changed by the library as the user interacts with an object (presses, releases, focuses, etc.).
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However, the states can be changed manually too.
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To set or clear given state (but leave the other states untouched) use `lv_obj_add/clear_state(obj, LV_STATE_...)`
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In both cases OR-ed state values can be used as well. E.g. `lv_obj_add_state(obj, part, LV_STATE_PRESSED | LV_PRESSED_CHECKED)`.
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To learn more about the states read the related section of the [Style overview](/overview/style).
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## Snapshot
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A snapshot image can be generated for an object together with its children. Check details in [Snapshot](/others/snapshot).
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